![]() However, it is not easy to analyze inks by nondestructive techniques that do not have a problem of spectral contamination due to underlying substrate. Thus, the comparison of inks may establish a connection between two specimens in a case of forgery. Backdate amendment in a document by writing with a fountain pen containing indistinguishable (the same) color may show the dissimilar composition of dye. In most of the cases, the capability to discriminate between different inks can be very helpful. In forensic questioned document examination, criminal cases concerning inaccurate or rewritten documents come across for examination and, therefore, the way for detection and dating of fountain pen ink has a vital role in that field. In our public existence, it is regularly utilized to sign official manuscripts. The fountain pen is being extensively used as an instrument of writing for more than 10 decades. Overall, this study demonstrated the elevated worth of analysis of fountain pen inks commercially used in Pakistan as the study for fountain pen inks, while not very common, remains an interesting target study. On the basis of combined results of UV-VIS, TLC, and FTIR, the DP was found from 0.73-0.8 for blue, 0.80-1.0 for black, 0.5-1.0 for green, and 1.0 for red colored fountain pen inks. ![]() FTIR results showed that each brand could be distinguished by studying the pattern of their absorption spectra that appeared due to the presence of different functional groups. TLC was effectively used to differentiate between the colored components of inks. UV/Visible Spectroscopy of fountain pen inks of different brands showed different composition despite their similar colours. We have calculated and compared the results in terms of discriminating power. In this study, fountain pen inks of blue, black, green, and red colours that are commercially used in Pakistan have been discriminated by UV-Vis spectroscopy, TLC, and FTIR spectroscopy. Examination and comparison of fountain pen inks are very important in forensic questioned documents examination in developing countries where the chances of fraud are greater in cases of cheques, marriage papers, entry of birth and death, etc.
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